PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND SOME BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MAYTENUS SENEGALENSIS (LAM.) EXELL (CELASTRACEAE)
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ABSTRACT
Maytenus senegalensis (Celastraceae) is commonly known as thorny staff tree or confettii tree, is of high traditional use among the „Hausa‟ community of Northern Nigeria. Hence the present investigation was to establish the pharmacognostic parameters for the leaves and stem bark of the plant, including macroscopic and microscopical, physicochemical constants as well as analgesic and anti-inflamatory studies. Macroscopic features of the leaves include alternate arrangement, glabrous surface, serrated margin with a characteristic taste and odor. The stem bark has grey, rough and firm outer surface, pink and smooth inner surface, the bark is channeled. Microspically, the leaves have stomata that is anomocytic type on both upper (SN= 80.50-70.00-59.50, SI= 10.81-12.72-14.63) and lower epidermis (SN= 101.78-88.50-75.23, SI= 10.65-12.53-14.41), the epidermal cells are polygonal in shape and trichomes are absent. The vein islet number was determined to be 23.46-20.40-17.34 and the vein let termination number was 17.94-15.60-13.26. Transverse sections of the leaves revealed a dorsiventral type having a singled layered epidermis, palisade cell beneath the upper epidermis, with some vascular bundles at the center covered by a bundle carp, and some spongy mesophyll. Transverse sections of stem bark revealed the presence of cork cells, vascular bundles, and tracheids. Longitudinal sections revealed the presence of epidermal cells and some collenchymas cells in the leaves. Some sclereids and parenchyma cells with some calcium oxalates encrusted in them were seen in the transverse sections of the stem bark. Chemo-microscopical study revealed the presence of cellulose cell wall, lignified fibers, starch grains, calcium oxalates, fixed oil and fats. Other determinations include: moisture content (leaves- 9.33 % w/w ± 0.01, stem bark6.33 % w/w ± 0.02), total ash (leaf- 7.83.00 % w/w ± 0.004, stem bark- 15.17 % w/w ± 0.01), acid-insoluble ash (leaf- 01.67% w/w ± 0.01, stem bark- 01.00% w/w ± 0.01), alcohol-soluble extractive values (leaf- 12.00% w/w ± 0.10, stem bark- 13.25% w/w ± 0.10), water-soluble extractive values (leaf- 13.25%w/w ± 0.04, stem bark- 14.25% w/w ± 0.04). Thin layer chromatography of n-butanol fraction I and II when developed in nButanol: Acetic acid: Water (8:1:1) revealed the presence of spots under ultraviolet light, when sprayed with 10% sulphuric acid and ferric chloride. In ethyl acetate: methanol and water (10:1.65:1.35) fraction I and fraction II revealed the presence of spots when spread with 10% sulphuric acid, while with ferric chloride. In pharmacological evaluation, median lethal dose, Lorke (1983) of the methanolic leaves extract in both mice and rats via intraperitoneal route was 1264.91 mg/kg, while for the methanolic stem bark extract in mice it was 118.32 mg/kg and in rats it was found to be 177.48 mg/kg. The methanolic leaves extract significantly (p˂0.001) inhibited acetic acid-induced writhes in mice, Koster et al. (1959) at all doses administered (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg) in a dose dependent manner and significantly (p˂0.01) inhibited formalin induced pain in rats (Dubuisson and Dennis, 1977; Tjölsen et al., 1992) at the lowest and highest dose administered in phase I (central) and II (peripheral) respectively. The methanolic extracts produced moderate antiinflammatory effect significantly (p˂0.05) at all doses tested. Various pharamacognostic viii characters analyzed in this study will be useful in the identification and standardization of M. senegalensis, the biological evaluation provides scientific basis for the ethno medical use of the plant in the amelioration of pain and inflammation.
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